In the Prologue to the Caterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer is almost always polite
and respectful when he points out the foibles and weaknesses of people. He is
able to do this by using genial satire, which is basically having a pleasant or
friendly disposition while ridiculing human vices and follies. Chaucer also
finds characteristics in the pilgrims that he admires. This is evident in the
peaceful way he describes their attributes. The Nun is one of the pilgrims in
which Chaucer uses genial satire to describe. He defines her as a woman who is,
“Pleasant and friendly in her ways, and straining/ To counterfeit a courtly
kind of grace” ( l.l. 136-137). Instead of bluntly saying she is of the lower
class and trying unsuccessfully to impersonate a member of the upper class
Chaucer suggests it gentle, therefore the reader must be attentive to pick up on
it. He also pokes fun at the Nun’s impersonated French accent when he says
that she spoke: with a fine Intoning through her nose, as was most seemly, And
she spoke daintily in French, extremely, After the school of Stratford-atte-Bowe;
French in the Paris style she did not know. (l.l. 120-124) Chaucer finds the
Nun’s speech amusing but he carefully chooses his words so as not to be
disrespectful. Chaucer also uses genial satire when illustrating the Nun’s
size; “She was indeed by no means undergrown” (l. 154). He puts the fact
that she is fat in a polite way because he finds the Nun “very entertaining”
(l. 135) and thus doesn’t speak ill of her even though there is much ill to be
said. Instead he uses genial satire to describe the Nun so that he may remain
courteous and respectful. Chaucer finds the Monk less amusing and more repulsive
than the Nun but none the less he describes him in a polite manner so that the
reader must pay attention in order to fully realize the Monks faults. The main
problem that Chaucer has with the Monk is that he shows very little religious
devotion. The Monk frequently engages in activities opposite in nature to that
which is expected from a man of his position: He did not rate that text at a
plucked hen Which says that hunter are not holy men And that a monk uncloistered
is a mere Fish out of water, flapping on the pier, That is to say a monk out of
his cloister. That was a text he held not worth an oyster; And I agreed and said
his views were sound; Was he to study till his head went round Poring over books
in cloisters? (l.l. 175-183) A monk is expected to show his religious devotion
by following the text of the bible as best he can, stay in his cloister and
study constantly. This monk however does not follow the text as he hunts, is out
of his cloister and has never been seen studying. Chaucer could be have been
very straight forward and critical of the Monks poor choices but instead he uses
genial satire to show the Monks faults without disgracing himself. Chaucer even
jokes at the end of the above quote when he agrees with the Monk and says,
“Was he to study till his head went round”, of course he was he is a monk
(l. 182). Chaucer uses genial satire in a slightly different way when describing
the Oxford Cleric. Instead of forming a clear impression in the readers mind as
too whether or not the Oxford Cleric is a good man he simply tells it as it is
thus leaving the reader to determine it for themselves based on their own
values. Chaucer describes the Oxford Cleric as a man who’s: horse was thinner
than a rake, And he was not too fat, I undertake, But had a hollow look, a sober
stare; The thread upon his overcoat was bare. (l.l. 291-294). This is a polite
way of saying that the Oxford Cleric not only neglected his own health and
personal appearance but also the health of his horse as they were both extremely
skinny and his clothes consisted of bare threads. He neglected his and his
horse’s heath because he spent all his money and some of his friends money on
books, which Chaucer also pokes fun at using genial satire: By his bed He
preferred having twenty books in red And black, of Aristotle’s philosophy, To
having fine clothes, fiddle or psaltery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . He had not found the stone for making gold. What
ever money from his friends he took He spent on learning or another book And
prayed for them most earnestly, returning Thanks to them thus for pay for his
learning. (l.l. 297-306) Like a lot of modern day students the Oxford Cleric is
broke, for he spends all his money on learning and books. When he receives money
from his friends he has no intention of paying them back, instead he prays for
them in return. Some may find these particular qualities to be bad ones. That is
why Chaucer is very genial when describing the Oxford Cleric, he wants the
reader to form their own impression of him. Chaucer finds the Knight’s
characteristics admirable. He describes his as a “most distinguished man”
who “follow[s] chivalry” (l.l. 43, 45). Which was looked upon highly in
Chaucer’s day. Chaucer portrays the Knight as a man of “truth, honor,
generos[ity] and courtesy/ [who] had done nobly in his sovereign’s war/ And
ridden into battle, no man more”(l.l. 46-58). A man with these qualities is
ideal and to be good in battle is even better. The reader knows the Knight is
good in battle because every numerous time that he has ridden in, he has also
had to have ridden out, which displays his battle talents. When speaking about
the Knight Chaucer is very blunt, he says the Knight “was sovereign in all
eyes” and “a true [and] perfect gentle-knight”(l.l. 63, 68). To be able to
make the generalization that ‘all’ people find the Knight to be sovereign
and that he is ‘perfect’ signifies that Chaucer can find nothing disgraceful
to say about the Knight. The Knight displays qualities that Chaucer considers to
be very close to perfect and therefore all Chaucer’s words portraying the
Knight show respect and admiration. The Parson is also a man that Chaucer
admires. This is due to the fact that the Parson is everything a good priest
should be. Chaucer describes the Parson’s exceptional religious devotion in
the following quote: He much disliked extorting tithe or fee, Nay rather he
preferred beyond a doubt Giving to poor parishioners round about From his own
goods and Easter offerings. He found sufficiency in little things. Wide was his
parish, with houses far asunder, Yet he neglected not in rain or thunder, In
sickness or in grief, to pay a call On the remotest, whether great or small,
Upon his feet, and in his hand a stave. This noble example to his sheep he gave,
First following the word before he taught it. (l.l. 484-495) Chaucer points out
that the Parson does not like extorting the church tax (tithe) and that he would
rather give to poor parishioners, even if from his own pocket, to illustrate
that he is a good man who is not a member of the church for personal profit.
Instead the Parson is a member of the church to bring men to God despite the
weather, his health, or the great distance separating them. When the Parson
speaks of his sheep he is referring to the people who have yet to establish a
stable relationship with God and by saying that he “first follow[ed] the word
before he taught it”, it shows his sincerity (l. 495). Chaucer bluntly
portrays the Parson as what an ideal priest should be: Holy and virtuous he was,
but then Never contemptuous of sinful men, Never disdainful, never too proud or
fine, But was discreet in teaching and benign. (l.l. 511-514) It is significant
that the Parson has these qualities because it shows that unlike the Monk he
demonstrates religious devotion. The Parson demonstrates his religious devotion
by following the text of the bible and in being true and genuine to God’s word
by not passing judgment on others, all of which Chaucer finds admirable. Chaucer
gives the Plowman characteristics that he finds admirable. This comes as no
surprise to the reader as he is the brother of the Parson, who Chaucer holds in
great respect. Chaucer does not take any time in getting straight to the point
when describing the Plowman. He bluntly says that the Plowman is “an honest
worker, good and true,/ Living in peace and perfect charity” (l.l. 528-529).
By describing the Plowman this way it demonstrate that Chaucer looks highly upon
those who work hard and are charitable. The fact that Chaucer chooses to use the
word ‘perfect’ signifies that the Plowman is charitable beyond what is
expected. The Plowman also portrays religious devotion, which Chaucer admires:
as the gospel bade him, so did he, Loving God best with all his heart and mind
And then his neighbor as himself, repined At no misfortune, slacked for no
content, For steadily about his work his went . . . and he would help the poor
For love of Christ and never take a penny If he could help it. (l.l. 530-538) By
following the gospel, loving God, loving his neighbor, working hard, and helping
other’s without pay it proves that he is a wonderfully religious and pleasant
man. The reader can tell that Chaucer finds these qualities admirable because
while describing the Plowman he is very straight forward so as to leave no doubt
that he Plowman is an incredible person. Chaucer uses genial satire in order to
describe the characters to their full extent without being disrespectful or
rude. He pokes fun of the Nun, the Monk and the Oxford Cleric simply because
they contain qualities that deserve to be pointed out to the reader. The fact
that he points them out using genial satire illustrates his self restraint and
lets only the attentive reader pick up on the somewhat hidden characteristics.
When Chaucer finds likable qualities in his characters he points them out
bluntly so that even the un-retentive reader wakes up and notices them. Chaucer
portrays the characters in the Canterbury Tales in a fashion that gives the
reader insight into the Medieval time period in which the character lived and
also insight into what kind of person Chaucer was.